When this happens, developers figure it out sooner or later (often months/years later), and they improve the program's source code by removing the ambiguities or errors that allowed exploitation. Attackers are very good at finding those cases (which we call exploits), and guiding the browsers to write very specific things (the payload) on top of the original instructions rather than garbage. In other cases, programs behave so erratically that they start writing garbage on top of their own list of instructions (like a child would draw on top of your shopping list). In short, mistakes are exploited in any imaginable way. Sometimes, specific instructions allow to bypass a verification we make, for instance allowing someone to modify settings in your browser or to cause a download without you approving. We sometimes forget some edge cases, in which case our programs will behave erratically and possibly cause damage. We developers make many mistakes when writing programs. It then tells the Web server which next page it would like to visit, and so on. A browser program is given some instructions by a Web server program and draws a Web page for you to use. ![]() ![]() A computer program is a long description of how the computer must behave, based on what information it is given. ![]() I'm really just repeating other answers but let's try to explain it using a metaphor.
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